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Surface Anatomy 4th JOHN




This book describes the vesible and palpable anatomy that forms the basis of clinical examination. it should be supplemented by self-examinations and the examination of normal subjects and lead to the examination of patient.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory textbook


This eBook is laboratory modul, this ebook full of exercise about anatomy, the student should fill in the label lines of the figures in pencil.
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GRAYS Anatomy 40th





The 40th edition of Gray's Anatomy celebrates 150 years of continuous publication of an extraordinary book. Although this edition looks very different from the first edition (see Ruth Richardson's historical introduction on page xvii), the essential aim of Henry Gray and the illustrator Henry Vandyke Carter, to describe the clinically relevant anatomy of the human body, particularly (but not exclusively) for the practicing surgeon, has not changed over the years. Anatomy may be struggling to retain its foothold in many undergraduate medical curricula, but it is enjoying a renaissance at the postgraduate level. A detailed knowledge of clinical anatomy which would have been undreamed of in the first edition, is now essential for clinicians working in technologically driven fields such as imaging, endoscopic and robotic surgery.

Nine Section Editors (Neil Borley, Pat Collins, Alan Crossman, Michael Gatzoulis, Jeremiah Healy, David Johnson, Vishy Mahadevan, Richard Newell and Caroline Wigley) have worked with me in preparing the 40th edition. They have brought their extensive experience as anatomists, cell biologists and clinicians to the task, and I thank them for their dedication and enthusiastic support. Pat Collins, Jeremiah Healy and Caroline Wigley also worked closely with all members of the editorial team in updating the text and artworks for embryology, imaging and microstructure respectively throughout the book. Harold Ellis has meticulously edited the section on eponyms which is available on the website, and has commented on many of the chapters.

Each Section Editor was assisted by a group of Contributors – experienced anatomists and clinicians (sometimes both) who contributed text and/or artworks and original micrographs. The page proofs were scrutinized by a core team of Reviewers and finally a panel of International Reviewers: their comments have been incorporated into the text and I acknowledge their critical input. Working at this level of detail I have often been impressed by how much anatomy remains controversial or is simply unknown: surgeons, radiologists and embryologists often disagree passionately about structural relationships or developmental processes. Gray's continues to flag up these uncertainties and to present different perspectives.

As a general rule, the orientation of diagrams and photographs throughout the book has been standardized to show the left side of the body, irrespective of whether a lateral or medial view is presented, and transverse sections are viewed from below to facilitate comparison with clinical images. Clinicopathological examples have been selected where the pathology is either a direct result of, or a consequence of, the anatomy, or where the anatomical features are instrumental in the diagnosis/treatment/management of the condition. All of the pre 39th edition artworks, and the great majority of the images and micrographs of histological and embryological specimens have been replaced: wherever possible, the photomicrographs illustrate human histology and embryology, and non human sources have been acknowledged in the captions. New artworks have either been generated de novo or have been taken from other texts (principally Sobotta's Atlas of Anatomy, Books 1 and 2 or Gray's Atlas of Anatomy), making this the first full-colour edition of Gray's Anatomy.

I am often asked why Gray's Anatomy does not contain even more detailed surgical and radiological anatomy, with further examples of anatomical variants and of laparoscopic and endoscopic anatomy, and why we exclude all but a very few references. The answer is that we would love to do this, and to include some systematic anatomy, but we have reached a point where there is no room for more material in a single volume. Short reference lists are provided at the ends of each chapter to guide further reading, and a list of general texts and references covering material presented in more than one chapter, e.g. the distribution of angiosomes, appears on page xxiv. The Bibliography, which collated all of the references cited in a number of earlier editions 35–38, is retained on the website.

I offer my sincere thanks to the editorial team at Elsevier, initially under the leadership of Inta Ozols and latterly of Madelene Hyde, for their guidance, professionalism, good humour and unfailing support. In particular, I thank Alison Whitehouse, Gavin Smith, Martin Mellor and Louise Cook, for being at the end of a phone or e-mail whenever I needed advice. I am especially grateful to my dear husband, Guy Standring, for his tolerance while he has shared his life with Gray's Anatomy, and I dedicate my work in this book to him.

Susan Standring

May 2008

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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 5th Scanlon



Afifth edition of Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology is very gratifying, and again we have the pleasure of thanking all of our colleagues in teaching who continue to use our textbook and of welcoming new teachers and students. Changes have been made in the content of the book to keep the material as current as possible. Most of these are small changes, such as a new cell organelle, the proteasome, in Chapter 3; a clarification of blood cell production in Chapters 4, 11, and 14; and the addition of concentric and eccentric contractions to Chapter 7. The most extensive revision is in Chapter 14: The section on immunity has been rewritten using the categories of innate and adaptive immunity. New illustrations in this edition include positive and negative feedback mechanisms in Chapter 1, cellular transport mechanisms in Chapter 3, hormones that affect blood pressure in Chapter 13, innate immunity in Chapter 14, and synthesis uses of foods in Chapter 17. Illustrations that have been revised include protein structure,
active site theory, and DNA and RNA structure in Chapter 2, blood cells in Chapter 11, and adaptive immunity in Chapter 14. Also new to this edition are illustration questions. Each figure legend is followed
by a question for the student; the answers are in Appendix G. As always, your comments and suggestions will be most welcome, and they may be sent to us in care of the publisher: F. A. Davis Company, 1915 Arch Street,

Philadelphia, PA 19103.
Valerie C. Scanlon
Dobbs Ferry, New York
Tina Sanders
Castle Creek, New York
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Clinical Anatomy 11th Harold Ellis


Experience of teaching clinical students at five medical schools and of examining them in sixteen cities and in eight countries has convinced me that there is still an unfortunate hiatus between the anatomy which the
student learns in the pre-clinical years and that which is later encountered in the wards and operating theatres. This book attempts to counter this situation. It does so by highlighting those features of anatomy which are of clinical importance using a vertical blue bar, in radiology, pathology, medicine and midwifery as well as in surgery. It presents the facts which students might reasonably be expected to carry with them during their years on the wards, through their final examinations and into their postgraduate years; it is designed for the clinical student. Anatomy is a vast subject and, therefore, in order to achieve this goal, I have deliberately carried out a rigorous selection of material so as to cover only those of its thousands of facts which I consider form the necessary anatomical scaffolding for the clinician. Wherever possible practical applications are indicated throughout the text—they cannot, within the limitations of a book of this size, be exhaustive, but I hope that they will act as signposts to the student and indicate how many clinical phenomena can be understood and remembered on simple anatomical grounds. In this eleventh edition a complete revision of the text has been carried out. New figures have been added and other illustrations modified. Representative computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging films have been included, since these techniques have given increased impetus to the clinical importance of topographical anatomy. The continued success of this volume, now in its forty-seventh year of publication, owes much to the helpful comments which the author has received from readers all over the world. Every suggestion is given the most careful consideration in an attempt to keep the material abreast of the needs of today’s medical students.
Harold Ellis
2006
xiii
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Clinical Neuroanatomy 26th Lange


The brain, more complex than any computer that has ever been invented, is what makes us human. The science of the brain—neuroscience—has emerged as one of the most exciting fields of research and now occupies a central role in medicine, providing a firm scientific basis for clinical practice. At the heart of neuroscience lies the structure of the nervous system: neuroanatomy. An understanding of the nervous system
and its anatomy is essential not just to researchers and not just to neurologists and psychiatrists but to clinicians in all subspecialties, because they all will encounter patients with disorders involving the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Stroke, for example, is the third most frequent cause of death in industrialized societies; mood disorders such as depression affect more than one person in 10; and dysfunction of the
nervous system can be seen in 25% of patients in most general hospitals at some time during their hospital stay. The neuroanatomy basis for many of these disorders is already known, and for other disorders it will soon be discovered. This book provides a concise but comprehensive and easy-to-remember synopsis of neuroanatomy and of its functional and clinical implications. In this new, revised 26th edition,
most chapters have been revised and carefully focused so that they emphasize the most important concepts, facts, and structures. As a teacher, researcher, and clinician, I have tried to sculpt this book so that it will provide a resource and learning tool for busy medical students, residents, and students in health-related fields such as physical therapy; for graduate students who need an introduction to neuroanatomy; and for clinicians
in practice, for whom minutes are precious. This book is not meant to supplant the longer, more encompassing, and comprehensive handbooks of neuroscience and neuroanatomy. On the contrary, it provides a more manageable and concise overview that presents the essential aspects of neuroanatomy
and its functional and clinical correlations. This book is unique in including a section entitled "Introduction to Clinical Thinking," which appears early in the text to introduce the reader to the logical processes involved in using neuroanatomy as a basis for thinking about the disordered nervous system. Recognizing that some students remember patients better than isolated facts, I have included discussions of clinical correlates and clinical illustrations that synthesize the most important characteristics of patients selected from an extensive clinical experience to help the reader interpret and remember neuroanatomic concepts in
terms offunction and clinical implications. Because much of neuroanatomy has a spatial and visual
aspect, this book includes numerous figures. The illustrations provide clear, explicit, and memorable representations of important pathways, structures, and mechanisms. Many tables are included, and they have been designed to be clear and easy to remember. These figures and tables incorporate feedback and suggestions from numerous trainees as well as teachers of neuroanatomy. The advent of modern neuroimaging has revolutionized the clinical neurosciences, and this hook takes full advantage
of this technological advance by including numerous computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the normal brain and spinal cord, together with functional magnetic resonance images (nVIRI) which provide a noninvasive window on brain function. Also included are neuroimaging
studies that illustrate common pathological entities that affect the nervous system, including stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and tumors of the brain and spinal cord. As with past editions, I owe a debt of gratitude to many colleagues and friends, especially the faculty of the
Department of Neurology at Yale Medical School. Drs Joachim Baehring and Joseph Schindler were most generous in sharing their thoughts and cases, some of which appear in this book. They, and other colleagues at Yale, have helped to create an environment where learning is fun, a motif that I have woven into this book. I hope that readers of this book will join me in finding that neuroanatomy, which provides much of the foundation for both basic neuroscience and clinical medicine, can be enjoyable, memorable, and easily
learned.
Stephen G. Waxman, MD, PhD
New Haven, Connecticut
July 2009
XI
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Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Netter



This volume brings together two distinct but related aspects of the work of FrankH. Netter, MD, and associated artists. Netter is best known as the creator of the Atlas of Human Anatomy, a comprehensive textbook of gross anatomy that has become the standard atlas for students of the subject. But Netter’s work included far more than anatomical art. In the pages of Clinical Symposia, a series of monographs published over a period of more than 50 years, and in The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations, this premier medical artist created superb illustrations of biological and physiological processes, disease pathology, clinical presentations, and medical procedures.
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Human Anatomy 3rd Michael McKinley



Human anatomy is a fascinating field that has many layers of complexity. The subject is difficult to teach, and students can often be overwhelmed by its massive amount of material. Our goal in writing Human Anatomy was to create a textbook that guides students on a clearly written and expertly illustrated beginner’s path through the human body. Across three editions, we have striven to make this book enjoyable to read, easy to understand, pedagogically efficient, and visually engaging. The following pages highlight the enhancements we’ve made to the third edition as well as the hallmark features that define this book
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Essential Clinical Anatomy 4th Moore et all


Fifteen years have passed since the first edition of Essential Clinical Anatomy was published. As in the previous three editions,
the main aim of the fourth edition is to provide a compact yet thorough textbook of clinical anatomy for students and
practitioners in the health care professions and related disciplines. We have made the book even more student friendly. The
presentations:
Provide a basic text of human clinical anatomy for use in current health sciences curricula;
Present an appropriate amount of clinically relevant anatomical material in a readable and interesting form;
Place emphasis on clinical anatomy that is important for practice;
Provide a concise clinically oriented anatomical overview for clinical courses in subsequent years;
Serve as a rapid review when preparing for examinations, particularly those prepared by the National Board of Medical
Examiners; and
Offer enough information for those wishing to refresh their knowledge of clinical anatomy.
This edition has been thoroughly revised keeping in mind the many invaluable comments received from students, colleagues,
and reviewers. The key features include:
Revised text with a stronger clinical orientation.
A number of new illustrations have been created, and many existing illustrations have been revised, re-colored, and
resized. Most illustrations are in full color and designed to highlight important facts and show their relationship to
clinical medicine and surgery. A great effort has been made to further improve clarity of labeling, to place illustrations
on the pages being viewed as the illustrations are cited in the text, and to eliminate disruptions in the continuity of the
running text.
More illustrated clinical correlations, known as “blue boxes,” have been included to help with the understanding of the
practical value of anatomy. In response to our readers' suggestions, the blue boxes have been grouped. They are also
classified by the following icons to indicate the type of clinical information covered:
Anatomical variat ions icon. These blue boxes feature anatomical variations that may be encountered in the dissection
lab or in practice, emphasizing the clinical importance of awareness of such variations.
Life cycle icon. These blue boxes emphasize prenatal developmental factors that affect postnatal anatomy and anatomical
phenomena specifically associated with stages of life—childhood, adolescence, adult, and advanced age.
Trauma icon. The effect of traumatic events—such as fractures of bones or dislocations of joints—on normal anatomy and
the clinical manifestations and dysfunction resulting from such injuries are featured in these blue boxes.
Diagnost ic procedures icon. Anatomical features and observations that play a role in physical diagnosis are targeted in
these blue boxes.
Surgical procedures icon. These blue boxes address such topics as the anatomical basis of surgical procedures, such
as the planning of incisions and the anatomical basis of regional anesthesia.
Pathology icon. The effect of disease on normal anatomy, such as cancer of the breast, and anatomical structures or
principles involved in the confinement or dissemination of disease within the body are the types of topics covered in these blue
boxes.
Surface anatomy is integrated into the chapter at the time each region is being discussed to demonstrate the
relationship between anatomy and physical examination, diagnosis, and clinical procedures.
Medical images (radiographic, CT, MRI, and ultrasonography studies) have been included, often with correlative
illustrations. Current diagnostic imaging techniques demonstrate anatomy as it is often viewed clinically.
Case studies accompanied by clinico-anatomical problems and USMLE-style multiple-choice questions. Interactive
case studies and multiple-choice questions are available to our readers online at http://thePoint.lww. com/ECA4e,
providing a convenient and comprehensive means of selftesting and review.
Instructor's resources and supplemental materials, including images exportable for Power Point presentation, are
available through http://thePoint.lww.com/ECA4e.
The terminology adheres to the Terminologica Anatomica (1998) approved by the International Federation of Anatomists
(IFAA). The official English-equivalent terms are used throughout the present edition. When new terms are introduced,
however, the Latin forms as used in Europe, Asia and other parts of the world appear in parentheses. The roots and derivation
of terms are included to help students understand the meaning of the terminology. Eponyms, although not endorsed by the
IFAA, appear in parentheses to assist students during their clinical studies.
The parent of this book, Clinically Oriented Anatomy (COA), is recommended as a resource for more detailed descriptions of
human anatomy and its relationship and importance to medicine and surgery. It is a pleasure to welcome Arthur F. Dalley II to
or team of authors. Essential Clinical Anatomy, in addition to its own unique illustrations and manuscript, has utilized from the
outset materials from Clinically Oriented Anatomy and Grant's Atlas. Arthur's expertise, extensive knowledge of clinical
anatomy, and innovative eaching methods have enhanced this, the fourth edition of Essential Clinical Anatomy.
We again welcome your comments and suggestions for improvements in future editions.

Keith L. Moore
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Anne M.R. Agur
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Arthur F. Dalley II
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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Clinically Oriented Anatomy Moore

Clinical Oriented Anatomy by Moore this book is result from scanning, the fill of this ebook is only anatomy of abdomen
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Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine Katja


Table of Contents

Unit One: Organization of the Body
   Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
   Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive
   Chapter 3: Cells: The Living Units
   Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric
Unit Two: Covering, Support, and Movement of the Body
   Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
   Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues
   Chapter 7: The Skeleton
   Chapter 8: Joints
   Chapter 9: Muscles and Muscle Tissue
   Chapter 10: The Muscular System
Unit Three: Regulation and Integration of the Body
   Chapter 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
   Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System
   Chapter 13: The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
   Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
   Chapter 15: The Special Senses
   Chapter 16: The Endocrine System
Unit Four: Maintenance of the Body
   Chapter 17: Blood
   Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
   Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
   Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System
   Chapter 21: The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
   Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
   Chapter 23: The Digestive System
   Chapter 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation
   Chapter 25: The Urinary System
   Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Unit Five: Continuity
   Chapter 27: The Reproductive System
   Chapter 28: Pregnancy and Human Development
   Chapter 29: Heredity
Appendices
   Appendix A: The Metric System
   Appendix B: Functional Groups in Organic Molecules
   Appendix C: The Amino Acids
   Appendix D: Two Important Metabolic Pathways
   Appendix E: Periodic Table of the Elements
   Appendix F: Reference Values for Selected Blood and Urine Studies
   Appendix G: Answers to Clinical Connections, Multiple Choice, and Matching Questions

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